Major Assignment One: Academic paper analysis(下)
5 important words
microstructure evolution; 微观结构演化
numerical model; 数值模型
nucleation; 形核
diffusional growth；扩散长大
hypermonotectic alloy；过偏晶合金
miscibility gap；溶混间隔
casting；铸造
physical processes；物理过程
immiscible alloys；难混溶合金
phase diagrams；相图
liquid–liquid decomposition；液-液相分解
homogeneous liquid；均质液体
gravity；重力
concentration gradient；浓度梯度
supersaturation；过饱和度
monotectic temperature；偏晶温度
population dynamics model；种群动态模型
thermophysical property；热物理性质
interfacial tension；界面张力
binodal line；结线
distribution function；分布函数
minority phase；少数相
volume fraction；体积分数
kinetic equation；动力学方程
difference equation；微分方程
diffusion coefficient；扩散系数
finite volume method；有限体积法
critical radius；临界半径
cooling rate；冷却速度
number density；数量密度
coarsening；（晶粒粗化）
curvature；曲率
solidification；凝固
6 Idiomatic usages
under the common action of nucleation and diffusional growth（介词短语）
Above the miscibility gap the components are completely miscible.（介词短语）
homogeneous, single phase liquid （形容词-名词）
the miscibility gap（形容词-名词）
the components are no longer miscible（固定短语）
in the form of droplets（固定短语）
They can also settle due to the action of gravity（介词短语）
The solidified microstructure strongly depends on all these processes. （形容词-名词），（动词短语）
to model at least parts of the microstructure evolution（固定短语）
Ratke and co-workers solved the problem of microstructure evolution under the common action（动宾搭配），
only thermocapillary or Marangoni motion instead of Stokes motion had to be considered（固定短语）（动宾搭配）
In their theoretical treatment they use a population dynamics approach but approximate the cooling through the miscibility gap. （形容词-名词），（介词短语）
from the binodal to the monotectic temperature（介词短语）
Thus they take all thermophysical properties, the supersaturation etc, as constant throughout the whole process.（动词短语），（介词短语）
the liquid–liquid decomposition takes place while the temperature is continuously decreasing（动词短语），（副词-动词）
The temperature varies in time and space（主谓搭配），（介词短语）
The process, in comparison with a solid-state process, is extremely rapid（固定短语），（副词+形容词）
In a typical situation the whole process of nucleation, growth and sedimentation is finished within a few seconds rather than hours, days or months as in typical solid-state reactions.（形容词-名词），（介词短语），（固定短语）
this numerical model will be tested on a simple, analytically solvable case（主谓搭配），（介词-名词）
in the liquid metallic matrix（介词短语）
per unit of time and volume（介词-短语）
time-dependent level of supersaturation（固定短语）
the energy barrier for nucleation（介词-名词）
Their theoretical analysis agreed well with the experimental results（动词短语）
in principle（固定短语）
in as much as the wetting angle of the nucleus（固定短语）
the catalytic factor varies between zero and one（主谓搭配），（介词短语）
the essential feature of nucleation（形容词-名词）
There is no experimental information available about heterogeneous nucleation（形容词-名词）
Although we have no principle objections against this view（介词-名词）
its dependence on both the interface tension（介词-名词）
a dramatic effect on the nucleation rate（介词-名词）
The first term on the right-hand side denotes the growth or shrinkage rate（主谓搭配）
Thus we explicitly take into account curvature（动宾搭配）
Growth of the droplets by an interface
reaction is excluded based on experimental observations（固定搭配）
the liquid–liquid interface is a highly mobile one（形容词-副词）
at all times（固定短语）
This can be expressed in terms of the size distribution（固定短语）
The droplet radius axis was divided into a number of intervals（短语动词）
upward value relative to the growth rate（介词-形容词）
in order to guarantee the physical reality of the calculation（固定短语）
such as the number density（固定短语）
The details of the selection can be written as follows（固定短语）
at the beginning of each time step（固定短语）
it will make the computation inefficient（形容词-名词）
to keep the calculation progressing at a rate acceptable（形容词-名词）
alloy melt is cooled at a rate of（介词短语）
alloys which are of special importance in connection with advanced bearings for automotive applications（形容词-名词），（介词-名词）
The interface tension between the droplet and the matrix was taken as 0.12 Jm?2 at the monotectic reaction temperature（介词-动词）
7 usages of articles and tenses
a) usages of articles
A numerical model is developed describing the very fast process of microstructure evolution under the common action of nucleation and diffusional growth of minority phase droplets during cooling of a hypermonotectic alloy through the miscibility gap.（泛指）
The phase diagrams of immiscible or monotectic alloys are characterized（特指）
Above the miscibility gap the components are completely miscible. （特指）
a few seconds（固定词组）
at the interface of an isolated droplet in an infinite matrix(元音前用an)
The droplet radius axis was divided into a number of intervals（固定词组）
The analytical solution of equation (10) is an exact triangle dropping from its maximum value to zero at the biggest drop radius（最高级前用定冠词the）
A little later the growth rate slows down（固定词组）
b) usages of tenses
If such a homogeneous, single phase liquid is cooled into the miscibility gap, the components are no longer miscible and two liquid phases develop.（一般现在时）
Just recently, Ratke and co-workers solved the problem of microstructure evolution under the common action of nucleation, growth and Stokes settlement for a system of constant temperature and constant supersaturation.（一般过去时）
The microstructure evolution under the real situation has never been treated up to now
with a population dynamics model.（现在完成时）
Therefore, in this paper, we will develop a numerical model to calculate the microstructure evolution…（一般将来时）
If the radius was smaller than the first mesh point their number and the new radius was stored, and kept in the virtual size class. In the same time step new droplets with the critical radius could have been nucleated. These were also counted and stored in the virtual size class.（过去完成时）
Work along this line, in particular including more physical processes, is in progress. （一般现在时）
A numerical model describing the microstructure evolution under the common action of nucleation and diffusional growth of minority phase droplets during the cooling of hypermonotectic alloys through the miscibility gap has been developed. （现在完成时）
8 references
Rogers and Davis [1], Ratke [2] and Markworth and Gelles [3] treated the collision and coagulation statistics of droplets. Fredriksson and co-workers [4, 5], Ahlborn et al [6] and Uebber and Ratke [7] have analysed the microstructure evolution in Zn–Bi, Al–In and Al–Pb and Zn–Pb respectively (for a recent overview see [8]). Just recently, Ratke and co-workers solved the problem of microstructure evolution under the common action of nucleation, growth and Stokes settlement for a system of constant temperature and constant supersaturation [9, 10] and also for a cooling situation under reduced gravity conditions in which only thermocapillary or Marangoni motion instead of Stokes motion had to be considered [11, 12].
The microstructure evolution under the real situation has never been treated up to now
with a population dynamics model (another approach was used by Ratke and coworkers[8, 13]).
9 My acquisition after analyzing this academic paper
I used to be worried to read academic paper in English because there were so many specializedvocabularies in the paper that I found it not easy to comprehend what the sentences or paragraphs meant in a short time. After doing major assignments independently I have got familiar with the feature of academic English writings, which will facilitate my academic English reading and writing.Moreover, there is some experience which I would like to share with others.
First of all, after analyzing this academic paper, I have learned how to develop paragraphs by using several methods and how to arrange a typical paragraph, which can be used in my own academic writing. Further more, through carefully reading this paper, I have learned the characteristics of the English academic writing style which have been presented above. Finally, idioms in my mind have been enlarged during doing this work. Nevertheless, I have acquired a large number of usages of articles and tenses in this paper, which is useful for me to avoid many errors while writing, such as articles errors and tenses mistakes.
Last but not the least, I have got familiar with the feature of a English abstract, which is usually placed before the text of a paper and reflects what the original is about. The abstract of an academic paper is a descriptive one. In conclusion, what I have learned from analyzing the academic paper is useful for me to write an good abstract.
