5）所有重要单词和对应中文

Mediate a. 居间的,间接的

pertaining 与...有关系的, 附属....的, 为...固有的(to)

Technological incubators  科技孵化器

real estate n.房地产, 房地产所有权

unidirectional adj.单向的, 单向性的

relationship n.关系, 关联

reciprocal adj.互惠的, 相应的, 倒数的, 彼此相反的

problematic adj.问题的, 有疑问的

counselor n.顾问, 法律顾问crucial

codify vt.编成法典, 使法律成文化

contextual a. 文脉上的,以前后关系

reciprocate v.互给, 酬答, 互换, 报答barter economy

emergence  n. 出现

flexibility  n. 灵活性,柔韧性

legitimacy n.合法(性), 正统(性), 正确(性), 合理(性)know-how

entrepreneurial  a. 企业家的,企业性质的

emergent adj.紧急的, 浮现的, 突然出现的, 自然发生的

transcribe  v. 抄写,译写

excerpt n.vt.摘录, 引用

manuscript  a. 手抄的 n. 手稿,原稿

mimetic    a. 模仿的

normative adj.标准化的niche

imitate  vt. 仿制,仿造,模仿,仿效

prior adj.优先的, 在前的n.预先

informant n.通知的人, 告密者, 被调查的人reciprocal

prestigious adj.享有声望的, 声望很高的showcase

quote  vt.引用, 引证, 提供, 提出, 报(价)theoretical

sterile  a. 不毛的,不孕的,无菌的

engagement n.约会, 婚约, 诺言, 交战, 接站, 雇拥, [机]接合tangible

disillusioned a. 不再抱幻想的,大失所望的,幻想破灭的

cutting-edge  最先进的，尖端（科技等）

loyalty n.忠诚, 忠心intensely

academia n.学术界, 学术环境

6）所有的习惯用法，包括主谓搭配、动宾搭配、形容词与名词的搭配、副词与动词的搭配、介词与名词的搭配，以及短语动词等等（如果你觉得太多，可以选择重要的）;

(1)主谓搭配

technological incubators have assumed

Incubators located

we focus

These relationships include

Questions also arise

research suggests

sb. Discusses

He describes

sb. Finds

sb. Study

sb. Conducte

sb. serve

The excerpts present

The Israeli government exerts

Table 1 indicates

we suggest

another informant described

This interview excerpt demonstrates/ exposes

We interview

He also mentions

……

(2)动宾搭配

assumed a growing role

escape one’s attention

combine practices and professional norms

focus one’s attention

exists another aspect

play a central role

list /consider impact

promote practice

prevent a ‘brain drain’

give credibility

(3)形容词与名词的搭配

industrial laboratories

technological incubator

extensive body

social networks

implicit assumption

a cyclical model

social construction

a straightforward linear model

a wider network

supportive relationship

crucial element

reciprocal tie

Important issue

commercial world

formal aspects

informal barter economy

talented immigrants

different degree

professional norm

……

(4)副词与动词的搭配

increasingly mediate

widely use

further claim

sum up

 (5)介词与名词的搭配

in addition

in such cases

For example

In the following section

In a study

at length

Of course

In addition

in order

on the outskirts

at the beginning

for its part

on hold

In fact

In reality

(6)短语动词

focus One’s attention in

subscribe to

transform into

benefit from

be faced with

be allowed to

play a central role in

turn to

rely on

point to

sum up

is based on

translate into

be subject to

……

（7）其他

innovation management

incubator project

library service

faculty member

incubator activity

graduate student

very seldom

present in

According to

Instead of

back and forth

derived from

not only   but also

be of use

in order to

taken down

result from

deal with

play a part in

……

7) 冠词的用法，时态的用法和其它；

　不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。

　1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。

如：a leading Israeli research university

a cyclical model

an emerging body

2) 代表一类人或物

如：a future date

a national incubator

an empirical investigation

3) 词组或成语

如：a small number of

a minority of

定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
　1）特指双方都明白的人或物

如：the scientists

the field

  2）上文提到过的人或事

如: the outskirts

   The workers

the incubator projects

　3）短语中习惯用法

如：at the beginning

　4）单数名词连用表示一类事物

如：The worker

　5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面

如：the only incubator　

　6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体

如：the incubators

　　　7）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：

如：the Technion

指世上独一物二的事物

时态

1 一般现在时
（注意第三人称的单复数变化）主要用在陈述一个现有的事实.

In addition to the moral and formal aspects of the university–incubator relationship, there exists another aspect, that of informal social networks.

2.一般过去时
（动词的过去时态）,用在已经发生过的事

Close to half also reported some use of Technion laboratory facilities, while others stated that there might be some such use in the future.

Incubators, often located between research universities and industry, increasingly mediate the innovation process, and their employees, some from an academic, others from an industry background, combine practices and professional norms from both worlds in their daily work.

3.被动语态

Here, trust is based on informal ties formed through professional training and shared norms and practice.

In some projects, such as the one described above, the boundary between incubator and Technion was blurred, not only because they were physically situated at the Technion, using the Technion’s laboratories to perform research, but also because often the same people operated within the two worlds, as one project manager explained.

Two main problems associated with the construction and maintenance of ties with the Technion were cited by project managers and workers.

4.现在完成时

Advanced economies have seen the rise of an array of institutions in which R&D is conducted, such as universities, government and industrial laboratories(Teece,1988).

In recent years technological incubators have assumed a growing role in R&D research and innovation management, and their importance has not escaped researchers’ attention (Lumpkin and Ireland,1988;Mian,1996,1997).

5.一般将来时

8）参考引用他人作品的方式.

In the academic paper, we can quote others’ opinion to support our views. But we must give references we quote in detail. Such as: “Allen,T.J.,Cohen,S.I.,1969.Information flow in research and development laboratories. Administrative Science Quarterly 14,12–19.”Sometimes, we can quote some famous scientists’ opinions, we should give introductions in the parenthesis behind, such as “Most studies of technological incubators subscribe to a linear model of innovation management, by which basic research is conducted in universities, then transformed into applied research and production techniques in incubators and is later introduced into industry(Massy et al.,1992)”.

最后从英语写作的角度出发，回答问题：通过认真的阅读和研究该文章，你有何收获？

It took me long time in finishing the major homework, but I have learned much from studying the paper. I feel it a useful way of improving my ability of English writing. First, I have learned many new and important words after analyzing this difficult paper. There are about thirty new words in the paper. I think it a good way of recite new words. I have listed some above. Secondly, I have learned how to develop paragraphs by using usual methods from the paper. After analyzing the difficult paper, I have knew more methods of developing paragraphs, such as quote, cause and effect and so on. Thirdly, I have also learned some expressions, such as “be subject to”. Fourthly, I can avoid some typical errors in my English writing. I know I should pay special attention to the following aspects: noun-verb agreement, spelling, tense, articles, conjunctions, spacing and punctuation. At last, in order to direct the reader's attention towards the most important information in academic paper, we can put new information towards the end of each sentence and put elements which have been mentioned near the beginning of the sentence. What’s more, we can use main and subordinate clauses to make appropriate distinctions in our formal writing, putting the more important information in the main clause, while placing the less important one in the subordinate clause. In a word, I have learned a lot from analyzing the academic paper. Some listed above, but I think what I have leaned much more than those. I will read and analyze more academic papers in the future.