1. The challenge of ethical problem solving in the context of the information-science professions（动名词作为后置定语） has fostered debate over whether a code of ethics might not provide valuable guide to decision making in situations involving ethical conflicts.(宾语补足语)

主语--The challenge of ethical problem

谓语--has fostered

宾语—debate

2. Sample issues and questions are presented with an aim toward placing them in historical and philosophical frameworks for considering the tension between knowledge and power.（介宾结构作后置定语）

 主语：Sample issues and questions

 表语：presented

the tension between knowledge and power此句中the的使用是因为tension后面有后置定语修饰，因而此处必须有the.

3 .While the article concludes that ethical choices are too dynamic and unpredictable to make a fixed code useful（宾语从句）, practical guidelines to help information professionals act out of wisdom （动词不定式作后置定语）are offered.

主句practical guidelines are offered.

从句the article concludes that从句

.While the article conclude…此处之所以必须用the ,是因为这里是特指。

4.The need for a code of ethics for the American Society for Information Science （后置定语）has been proposed, debated by its Council over the past decade, and was in 1985 the subject of a symposium at its annual meeting, organized by Diane Woodward of Drexel University.

 此举有三个并列谓语：(1).been proposed,

                     (2).debated by its Council over the past decade,

                    （3）.was in 1985 the subject of a symposium at its annual meeting

5. Perhaps the greatest contribution information scientists can make to ethics in their profession and, more importantly, toward the development of new approaches for judging right and wrong, is to plan for the shift from the management  information and even knowledge toward leadership。

   主语; contribution

   表语：to plan  …

   the greatest contribution此处the 必须要用，因而最高级以前。

时态分析：

Outline of This Academic Paper:

Title: Ethics and Information Science

Author: Manfred Kochen

Foreword:

1. The author raise the major issue which is doubtful: whether a code of ethics might not provide valuable guide to decision making in situations involving ethical conflicts.

2. The author point out his conclusion: ethical choices are too dynamic and unpredictable to make a fixed code useful, practical guidelines to help information professionals act out of wisdom are offered.

Main part：

1． Introduction：

（1）The author describes the present terrible situation. On this basics ,he raise the question ：Does the system of ethics bear a partial responsibility for this state of affairs? How effective has been the role of ethical codes in medicine?

  （2）The author make a simple introduction about people’s response to above issues.

   (3)The aim of this article: My aim in these remarks is to raise and clarify some of the key issues with a major ethical aspect that information professionals must face in their various roles in the next few decades.

 （4）The conception of information professional：An information professional makes his living by applying knowledge-based expertise to the solution of realproblems involving the organization, acquisition, processing, distribution, storage, and utilization of information

2.Some issues for information professionals and their ethical aspects:

   An information professional is faced with major questions about these developments ,which can be categorized into three points, and also there are a great amount of ethics conflicts in this professional .after these carefully analysis ,author put forward a new argument ,which is about the relationship between power and knowledge.

3 .A Bill of Rights, Code of Ethics?

In this part ,the author from talking about the question which is raised in the previous section ,namely ,what is the relationship between the knowledge and power to discussing a special topic :A bill of rights, code of ethics? The he reaches a conclusion that exclusive reliance on a rigid, static code may be dangerous. In most cases, the systems flexible, and tolerates diversity and nonstandard individual judgments within limits. 

4 .Are there principles to judge right and wrong?

  The author looks back on this problem in philosophy history ,Paley ,Immanuel Kant ,John Stuart ,and Nietzsche, all of those people have argued this topic ;after this ,the author put forward his own opinion: people cannot be forced to change beliefs. In today’s world of increasing globalization, we are more aware of the great diversity of beliefs that probably has always prevailed. Either new principle, new approaches to principles, or alternatives to principled approaches are required.

5.Options for Action:

  What should we accord ?how do we act ? the author put forward his own opinion : (1)we should exam our own values ,compare them with those of others,and check them for consistency.(2) the ASIS can make public information about exemplary practices and malpractices by firms and individuals in industry (3) there are some practical guidelines

                               阅读收获感想：

When I read the title of this article for the first time, Ethics and Information Science, I guess that the main issue of discussion could be about an applied ethical problem. The ethics includes three main parts: normative ethics, applied ethics, Meta-ethics.The meta-ethics is a product of integration of normative ethics which is fundamental part with modern social development.

After reading through this article ,I learn that the focal point of discussion is ethical problem in information professional, which is applying knowledge-based expertise to the solution of real problems involving the organization, acquisition, processing, distribution, storage, and utilization of information. The author is an American .His name is Manfred Kocken and he belong to Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan .

 In my personal opinion, the topic discussed in this essay is original and profound, for example ,the author raise an question” Are there principles for judging right and wrong? ”.which challenge the conventional ethical conception, who has the power to propose a set of standards of ethics? Where do the codes of ethics come from? All the questions above should be contemplated again.  I argue that all of fundamental principle which are not called into question or examination for a long time should be doubted .

While some of viewpoint in this essay is illuminating, there are must be criticized. The author makes some mistakes which is inclining to moral relativism. The people who hold this opinion believe that there are never a general criterion which people make behavior according to .In fact, when we see through the surface differences between cultures ,there are great same points ,so it is   absolutely possible for us to find a universal ethics.

写作方面的收获：

Great differences lie in writing styles between Chinese and English, which obviously presented in these articles. I will illustrate my point with an example .The author of this article come straight to the point .At the beginning of the paper. ,there is a sentence showing the conclusion, namely, While the article concludes that ethical choices are too dynamic and unpredictable to make a fixed code useful, practical guidelines to help information professionals act out of wisdom are offered .however ,Chinese people are be accustomed to reach the conclusion at the end of the paper .We should pay more attention to this differences so as to make our thesis more clear and easy to read.

Skimming through the whole article ,I summarize the train of thought is following :First ,make a description about present social facts and situation. Second, After analyzing the above facts ,he raise some question .Third ,discussion should be made about the questions. Fourth, how to solve this problem ,strive to give some measures, how should we do ?what should we accord to when we make actions? In my opinion ,the above line of through is a good method to take in our own writing, which is available for expanding our a simple argument into perfect articles.

In addition, I learn some idiomatic English expression and accumulate some academic vocabularies. such as codes of ethics ethical conflicts, ethical choices ,unethical behavior. In sum ,I attain a great deal of knowledge about writing from reading English essay ,but ,still I must work harder if I want to master the ways of learning and to train up them the aspirations and abilities for lifelong learning.