一．文章的中的陌生单词

  1．semantic语义的，语义学的

2.elliptic(1)．（无比较级的）椭圆形的，似椭圆形的

(2)．省略的，表示省略的

(3)．（语义，文字）等极为简要的，简练的

(4)．（文字因省略过多而）晦涩的，有歧义的；（语言，文体等）拐弯抹角的，累赘的，冗长唠叨的

3.epistemic [哲]认识的，知识的

4．ontological[哲]本体论

5.metaethical形而上学的伦理主义

6．nihilist虚无主义者

7．Stipulate（作为条件）把…列入协议；（在协议合同中）详细规定；对…予以保证，承诺

8.condone宽恕，宽饶，原谅，容忍；（尤指勉强）同意，准许；补偿，赎（罪）

9.categorical无条件的，明确的，直截了当的，绝对的

10.etiquette礼节，礼仪；职业中的规矩，道德规范

11.idiosyncratic（个人特有的）习性，癖好，气质；（某作者特有的）表现手法，风格；特异反应

12.malleable（金属）可锤展的，有韧性的，有延展性的；（喻）可改变的，可塑造的；（喻）易受影响的，柔顺的，顺手的

13.moot尚未决定的，有待争论的；并非实际的，假设的，假想的；无实际意义的

14.deterministic宿命论的；确定的，决定论的，定数的

15.casuistically诡辩家，曲解者，独断者

16.paradigmatic作为示范的，例证的，典型的

17.particularism排他主义，完全忠于一党；（宗）特殊神宠论，各邦自主独立主义

18.constructivist构造论者

19.disarming使人消除警惕性，使人不紧张

20.jettison除去，放弃，放油，放水

21.prescriptivism规定主义

22.naturalistic（宗）自然论的，顺从自然的，自然主义的

23.scenario（戏）剧情说明，歌剧脚本，电影剧本，方案

24.circumcision（宗）割礼，割礼节；总称犹太人，心地纯洁的人

25.inscrutable费解的，不可思议的，不可透视的

二．全文提纲（Outline）

题目：Moral Relativism

内容：1. Introduction

      2. Moral Universe

      3. Back to Semantic Relativism

      4. Moral Explanation

      5. Logical Relations between Moral Judgments

      6. Social Constitution and the‘Is’—‘Ought’ QUESTION

      7. Moral Relativism and Moral Realism

      8. Conclusion

三．每一段落的展开方法

The author elaborated this article through broadening the conceptions of three kinds of moral relativisms. The first chapter defines three kinds of moral relativisms and compares the distinction among them. The main topic of the second chapter is discussing moral universes. The author used deductive to expressing his opinion and standing.

四．写作特点

The characteristic of this article is easy to be understood. The author uses the ordinary words to express the obscure philosophy through the example of life. The author recovered the view of moral relativism step by step, using a question of tone. This way emphasized the author’s opinion.

五．所有重要句型

1．当我们用以表达很多个观点时可用One is…Another kind of sth is…Finally, however, there is a kind of…

2. It is worth doing that…

3.  These facts, in turn, may have, and certainly have, some kind of natural explanation, for example one in terms of evolutionary biology.

  类似于这样的句型我认为在文章中我们应该尝试使用。

六．所有的习惯用法

1.主谓搭配It is worth observing that

2．动词与副词搭配 explicitly adheres to

  actually condoned    legally prescribed   actually have

3．形容词与名词搭配

(1) common sense morality     (2) descriptive and regulative grammar    (3) the linguistic community   (4) ontological question

(5) categorical norms

七．冠词的用法，时态的用法和其它

1．冠词  an unambiguous way  a similar vein  a certain action

  a judgment or reason

八．参考引用他人作品的方式

  The article was found in the database of Southeast University library resources ， then download it to carry out the study.

  九．Harvest from reading the article

  From reading the article, I got lot of harvest. I know that there are three kinds of moral relativism at least. The first is a moral doctrine, according to which we ought to respect other cultures, and allow them to solve moral problems as they see fit. Another kind of moral relativism is semantic moral relativism, according to which, when we pass moral judgments, we make an implicit reference to some system of morality. Finally, however, there is a kind of relativism we could call ontological, according to which, when two persons pass conflicting moral verdicts on a certain action, they may both be right.

  When I read this thesis, some unfamiliar words were arisen. Although they are very long and hard to spell, I found them through the dictionary word by word. I recognized and grasped many words which concerns about my major and I will use them in the studying progress. I thought this was a significant harvest from reading the article.

  I also knew how to write a thesis about my major. The way of doing is useful and deserves you to have. I found some tense error and other grammatical mistakes in writing. When we confronted the difficulties could resort to the Internet. We should use some conjunctions and subordinate clause to make the paper more coherent and logistic which easy for us to understand.

  At the end, I know that I should do my best to accomplish a correct and professional paper. We should read more books and papers in English.