Academic paper analysis of

<<ON PEER-TO-PEER MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ACCESS AND DISTRIBUTION>>

Author: Zhu Liu (AT&T Labs, USA), Heather Yu (USA), Deepa Kundur (USA), and Madjid Merabti (UK)

Publication: IEEE

1.     Outline

I. The author gives the detailed introduction of the historical notes and development of P2P system, as well as the purpose and organization of the whole article.

II. Introduction the application of P2P in file sharing and content search fields.

       A. The architecture of P2P file sharing systems.

       B. Overview the recent progress of content-based search system in P2P networks.

III. Introduction the P2P media streaming

A.     Give the list of popular P2P media streaming models.

B.     P2P media streaming solutions are listed in detail.

IV. Conclusions

A. Give the evaluation of the state-of-the-art P2P system.

B. List the challenges need to be further solved.

2.     The techniques of developing each paragraph

Most of paragraphs are expanded with the mode from listing the existing technical solution and giving the contrast between them to an improved method.

     Abstract

              This section gives the purpose and main content of this paper in the statements tone.

       Introduction

              Firstly, give the detailed introduction of P2P system development history. Then, P2P system’s great advantages compared to traditional client-server network are listed. Finally, the organization of the whole article is given.

       P2P file sharing and content search

              The author list the P2P system challenges and key element needed to be considered. Then give the purpose of this section.

       Architecture of P2P file sharing systems

              This section divides the existing solutions in this area into two categories. Then it explains current work in other papers in each category. And then comparing with the work mentioned above, the paper provides his own idea for higher network traffic and bank efficiency.

       Content-based search in P2P network

              This section list the state-of-the-art P2P content-based search system and give a detailed comparison between them.

       P2P media streaming

              In this section, the author firstly compare the media streaming to traditional file sharing system, then the new challenges are discussed.

       Popular P2P media streaming models

              In this section, the existing streaming models are divided into two categories by whether it is tree-based or not. Then the examples of these tow popular models are discussed.

       P2P media streaming solutions

              This section lists the state-of-the-art P2P media streaming solutions CoopNet, Zigzag, PeerStreaming and CoolStreaming. A detailed comparison and analysis is followed.

Conclusions

              In this section, the author give the evaluation of the state-of-the-art P2P system firstly, then the challenges need to be further solved are listed.

3.     Writing features

The structure is very clear and in the introduction part, the author states the focus and the work involved in the paper. Then it spreads in a logic sequence and illustrates the issues step by step.

The author uses the passive tense as the first choice to expand the article, which omits the subjects ingeniously. There are many functional words and phrases in the paper to make the article smooth and fluent. He takes the variety of the structure of the sentences into account.

Similar with other papers, a lot of nominalization words, which can make the paper concise, objective, accurate, and emphasize the existent fact with more information, are widely used in this paper; widely use of passive sentences, use of non-finite verbs, in order to make the paper compendious and tight; use of noun phrases to minimize the use of subordinate clauses.

4.     Key sentences

4.1 Due to the intrinsic scalability, robustness and decentralized structure of P2P systems, they are an ideal communication and computation paradigm for emerging collaborative multimedia applications.

4.2 The first generation P2P network, represented by the wellknown Napster music file sharing system, maintains a set of central servers to facilitate interaction (such as file exchange) between distributed peers.

4.3 Applications of P2P multimedia (P2P MM) include non-centralized file sharing and emerging content distribution and multimedia sensor networks.

4.4 The networks that most reflect the distributed and collaborative spirit of P2P networking are purely decentralized systems, where every node takes the same role in the network.

4.5 In PeerStreaming, the receiver drives the P2P streaming process, connects to peers that come online, redirects requests dropped by offline peers, and balances load among peers.

5.     Key vocabulary items

P2P (Peer-to-Peer),                                                        端到端

Multimedia application,                                      多媒体应用

File sharing,                                                              文件共享

Content search,                                                        内容搜索

Media streaming,                                                      媒体流

Decentralized architecture                                         分散结构

Leaf nodes,                                                              子结点

Super node,                                                              超级节点

Distribution tree                                                        分布树

Receiver-driven,                                                       收端驱动

Sender-driven,                                                          发端驱动

Tree-based,                                                              基于树的

Fault tolerance capability,                                          容错能力

Network dynamics,                                           网络的动态性

Self-organizing systems,                                           自组织系统

Cost effective,                                                          成本有效性

Robustness,                                                              健壮性

Fast-convergence,                                                    快速收敛

Secure media access and distribution,                 安全媒体接入和分发

QoS,                                                                        服务质量

Continuous monitoring,                                      连续监控

Nash Equilibrium,                                                     纳什均衡

  Technical challenges                                           技术挑战

6.     Common usage

a brief overview of                                                    简要概述

in a limited number of                                                在数量有限的

in this paper                                                              本文中

in this section                                                            这部分

focus on                                                                   重点在

In contrast,                                   相反

Aim at doing,                                                            目的是……

be devoted to,                                                          全心全意做……

make something available to sb,                                使某人可以获得

to guard against,                           保护……免遭……（损害破坏）

keep in mind                              记住

In the sense that,                           考虑到

that is,                                                                      也就是

to be intended to do,                                                 打算做……

according to,                                                            根据

to be multiplied by,                         乘以……

in light of,                                                                  鉴于

to be constrained to do,                      受限制做……

be denoted by,                             注释为，记为

in any event,                                                             在任何情况下

in accordance with,                                            按照

an answer to something,                                     某问题的一个解答

thereafter,                                                                 此后

to summarize,                                                           总结到

in particular,                                                              尤其是

evolve from A to B,                                           由……变到……

to be confined to,                                                      局限于

with respect to,                                                  与 ……有关

Due to                                                                      由于

For example                                                             例如

7.  The statement of quotation

7.1 Shen and his colleagues [3] presented a P2P system that supports semantic-based content search. They proposed a general and extensible framework based on the concept of a hierarchical summary structure.

7.2 Lu and Callan explored content-based resource selection and document retrieval algorithms in hybrid P2P networks [4].

7.3 PeerStreaming [10], for example, is a representative receiver-driven decentralized P2P system.

7.4 Habib and Chuang [13] studied the impact of non-cooperative peers versus cooperative peers on streaming media quality and found a random peer selection scheme may result in highly variable streaming quality, especially in large-scale P2P streaming systems.

8.     Gains

Reading this paper, I have learned how to write a paper of science and technology, and how to write an English article with reasonable structure and fluent language.

 In this paper, there are lots of sentences with passive tense in order to omit the subject which is difficult to identify. This is exactly technique of which I am lack. He always changes the expressions of the same meaning to avoid leaving the impression of repetition like using the phrase ‘evolve from A to B’, to substitute ‘rang from A to B’. A great number of good transitional words and phrases make the article smooth and fluent. It includes many prepositions phrases which function as the adverbial clauses and the verbs and so on.

Moreover, I have learned some basic principles and notes of arranging the content in this kind of paper, the importance of proper style and accurate vocabulary, the usage of the articles and so on. All of these are very useful for my English writing in future.

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