Outline of the paper

This paper contains nine parts: introduction, the moral questions，by the numbers，conclusion，note.

1.      Introduction：

This part introduces the background that moral considerations about immigration are in debates . The author tend to offer a standpoint that demonstrates why one should think of immigration as a moral problem that must be considered in the context of global justice. Then, it analyses the problem from a different perspective and captures the essence of it. As a consequence, the author puts forward his novel solution which shows the significance of this paper.

2.      The Moral Questions:

The author brought into focus one immense difficulty of discussing questions

about immigration: the context of immigration policy, environmental problems such as climate change.

3.      By the Numbers:

In this section, many numbers are given in order to demonstrate that there are already too many people living in America and extensive policy changes would be needed to accommodate large numbers of new immigrants.

4.      Conclusion:

In this section, the author indicates that several important extensions of the result obtained in the paper may be more significant.He argued that moral considerations should influence immigration policies much more than they currently do.It would be wrong to dismiss this discussion as irrelevant to politics.

5.      NOTE

The way to develop its paragraph

Section 1(INTRODUCTION): Example, comparison and contrast, cause and effect.

Section 2(The Moral Questions): Definition, example, comparison and contrast, cause and effect.

Section 3(By the Numbers): Comparison and contrast, proof, illustration.

Section 4(Conclusion): Definition, classification, comparison, illustration, proof.

Characteristics of writing

As an academic paper, the style is different from colloquial or unmarked one. From this paper, I can find that the author tries to avoid the use of first and second person pronouns and has great conciseness through the avoidance of repetition and the use of noun phrases to replace subordinate clauses. Besides, he chooses the precise, formal vocabularies and expresses his opinion in a more tentative ways. The long sentences appear at times so as to express a concept more precisely in the logic.

Important terms and its interpretation

the morality of immigration移民道德

standpoint立场

justifiability合理

humanity人性

sophisticated复杂的

border-surveillance边缘-监视

systematic有系统的

plausibly似有道理的

mandatory强制性的

feasible能实行的

sovereignty主权

biblical dictum圣经的言明

theological foundations.理论基础

symmetrically相称性地

arbitrarily任意地

natural resources天然资源

libertarian自由意志主义支持者

straightforward笔直的

population density人口密度

significantly明显地

In short简而言之

biophysical生物理学的

empirical经验的

proportionate相称的

condemn判刑

mittances汇款

untenable不能防守的

Accustomed usages

allow for考虑到

confronted with 面对

come up with发现

is beneficial for有利于

bring about导致

come up with发现

subscribes to订购

in terms of关于

and so forth如此以往

in particular特别地

superior to优越于

on average一般来说

be similar to类似于

judgment on对……判决

Important sentence patterns

1. Attributive Clause:

Second,I wish to offer a stand point that demonstrates why one should think of immigration as a moral problem that must be considered in the context of global justice.

.

2.Coordinate Clause:

Discussions about immigration,more than most other political issues,easily become frustrating because people intuitively differ over how much political background structure should be kept fixed,and because it is often question-able at what stage one should say that a certain proposal is untenable because‘‘ought implies can’’—that is,there is no point in exploring a certain proposal because it is clearly not politically feasible.

The point of thinking about the earth as collectively owned is not to establishhuman despotism over the rest of the earth,organic or inorganic,but to empha-size that all human beings,no matter when and where they were born,are insome sense symmetrically located with regard to the earth’s resources and cannotbe arbitrarily excluded from them by accidents of space and time.

3.插入语

pecifically,if a country limits immigration in amanner that goes beyond what it is morally entitled to,illegal immigration is alegitimate response.

After all—and this is the in-tuitive argument for this standpoint—such resources are needed by all,and theirexistence is the accomplishment of no one.

4.主语从句

For those who enter the country illegally with the intention of remaining,common ownership of the earth also suggests a particular argument on their behalf that is inspired by a legal term:the notion of‘‘adverse possession.’’

5. Subject Clause:

Thus,what one can sensibly say about questions that arise in the context of immigrationpolicy turns on what parameters one considers fixed for the purposes of the debate.

Article and Tense

Article:

1.Second,I wish to offer a standpoint that demonstrateswhy one should think of immigration as a moral problem that must be considered in the context of global justice.

2. Libertarians like to belittle this view,and have asked whether,say,a nugget of gold found on the ocean floor then belongs to all of humanity,and precisely what that would mean for dividing up its value.

Tense:

1.If this is so,then it follows that what we do with the space we control must matter for assessing immigration policy.

2.We have now brought into focus one immense difficulty of discussing questions about immigration:it easily involves one in major moral questions.

3.In the seventeenth century the motivation behind this approach was largely the ological,taking as its point of departure the biblical dictum that God gave the earth to humankind in common.

References:

Such elaboration is available in‘‘Migration,Territoriality,and Culture’’(coauthored with MichaelBlake),in New Waves in Applied Ethics,Jesper Ryberg,Thomas S.Petersen,and Clark Wolf,eds.(NewYork:Palgrave Macmillan,2008);as well as in Michael Blake and Mathias Risse,‘‘Is There a HumanRight to Free Movement?Immigration and Original Ownership of the Earth’’(forthcoming;available

as Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP06-012).

What have I learned from this paper?

Firstly, I have learned many new words,useful rerms and accustomed usages.Secondly,This paper makes me to know how to organize a paper. Normally, a paper contains abstract, introduction, preliminaries, main results, conclusions and future works, references. The last but not the least,to be more logical and objective, you must try to avoid the use of the first and second pronouns and choose the most precise and formal vocabulary, the passive sentences appearing frequently. Instead of subordinate clauses, you should adopt the form of nominalization so as to convey more information using the most concise expression. You can also find a number of long sentences composed of postpositive attributives, particles, prepositional phrase and non-finite verb. To expatiate a process of a proof or experiment, you should not forget the transitional words and phrases, because these words or phrases play a great role in textual coherence, which make your paper easier to understand.